An x-ray machine

An x-ray machine How does an X-ray machine work? An X-ray machine is essentially a camera instead of visible light, however, it uses X-rays to expose the film. X-rays are like light in that they are electromagnetic waves, but they are more energetic so they can penetrate many materials to varying degrees. When the X-rays hit the film, they expose it just as light would. Since bone, fat, muscle, tumors and other masses all absorb X-rays at different levels, the image on the film lets you see different (distinct) structures inside the body because of the different levels of exposure on the film. Radio waves Radio waves are used for broadcasting radio and TV programmes. The transmitted information may be analogue or digital and uses a radio wave as a carrier. Very long wavelength radio waves can travel around the Earth, diffracting around the Earths surface. Radio waves belong to the lower frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is called non-ionizing radiation. Here the electromagnetic energy is too low to break molecular bonds. Ultraviolet waves Ultraviolet (UV) light has shorter wavelengths than visible light. Scientists have divided the ultraviolet part of the spectrum into three regions: the near ultraviolet, the far ultraviolet, and the extreme ultraviolet. Extreme UV Our Sun emits light at all the different wavelengths in electromagnetic spectrum, but it is ultraviolet waves that are responsible for causing our sunburns. Ultraviolet waves are effective in killing bacteria and viruses. Hospitals use germicidal lamps that produce these waves to sterilize equipment, water and air in operating rooms. Ultraviolet waves are used to identify materials by the glow or fluorescence under them. They are used to make black lights. May food and drug companies use germicidal lamps to disinfect various types of products, and their containers. Gamma Rays Low intensity gamma radiation can damage living cells and cause cancer. High intensity gamma radiation will kill cells. It is used in a technique called radiotherapy to treat cancer by targeting the cancer cells with a beam of radiation and then rotating the source of the beam as shown below. The normal cells receive a lower dose of gamma radiation than the cancer cells, where all the rays meet. Radiotherapy aims to kill the cancer cells while doing as little damage as possible to healthy normal cells. Gamma radiation is used to kill micro organisms, which is called sterilising. It is used to sterilise food Sources used http://www.hps.org/publicinformation/ate/faqs/radiationtypes.html

Postpartum Stress Disorder Essay

The postpartum period has been defined as â€Å"a bringing forth of the period following childbirth† (Webster, 1988, p. 1055) or â€Å"occurring after childbirth or after delivery, with reference to the mother† (Doriand, 1988, p. 1343). In nursing or medical textbooks, the postpartum period is defined as â€Å"the 6-week interval between the birth of the newborn and the return of the reproductive organs to their normal non-pregnant state† (Wong & Perry, 1998, p. 480). However, Tulman and Fawcett’s (1991) found that the recovery of postpartum women’s functional status from childbirth takes at least 3 to 6 months. Webster’s Dictionary defines stress concretely as a â€Å"physical, mental, or emotional strain that disturbs one’s normal bodily functions† (Webster, 1997, p. 735). Stress is produced by stressors. Wheaton (1996) defines stressors as â€Å"conditions of threat, demands, or structural constraints that, by the very fact of their occurrence or existence, call into question the operating integrity of the organism† (p. 2). In addition, four characteristics of stressors are described: (1) threats, demands, or structural constraints; (2) a force challenging the integrity of the organism; (3) a â€Å"problem† that requires resolution; and, (4) â€Å"identity relevant† in threats in which the pressure exerted by the stressor, in part, derives its power from its potential to threaten or alter identities. Further, awareness of the damage potential of a stressor is not a necessary condition for that stressor having negative consequences; and a stressor can be defined bidirectional ly with respect to demand characteristics. That is, it is possible for both over-demand and under-demand to be stress problems (Wheaton, 1996). Accordingly, based on the above definitions of the postpartum period, stress, and stressors, postpartum stress is defined as a constraining force produced by postpartum stressors. Postpartum stressors are defined as conditions of change, demand, or structural constraint that, by the very fact of their occurrence or existence within six weeks after delivery, call into question the operating integrity of body changes, maternal role attainment, and social support. Due to its many adjustments, the postpartum period has been conceptualized as a time of vulnerability to stress for childbearing women (Too, 1997). Postpartum Period The postpartum period has been conceptualized by a variety of cultures as a time of vulnerability to stress for women (Hung and Chung, 2001). It is characterized by dramatic changes and requires mandatory adjustments that involve many difficulties and concerns, possibly leading to new demands, or structural constraints and, therefore, stress. All mothers face the multiple demands of adjusting to changes in the body, learning about the new infant, and getting support from significant others. For women going through this transition, it may be a uniquely stressful life experience. Several stressors specific to the puerperium as it exists in the literature have been identified. Those pertaining to body changes include: pain/discomfort, rest/sleep disturbances, diet, nutrition, physical restrictions, weight gain, return to prepregnancy physical shape, care of wounds, contraception, resuming sexual intercourse, discomfort of stitches, breast care, breast soreness, hemorrhoids, flabby subcutaneous tissue, and striae. Stressors pertaining to maternal role attainment include: concerns about infant crying, health, development, bathing, clothing, handling, diapering, night-time feeding, breastfeeding, conflicting expert advice, keeping the baby in an environment with a comfortable temperature, bottle feeding, appearance, safety, elimination, body weight, skin, baby’s sex, breathing, spitting up, sleeping, and cord care (Moran et al. , 1997; Too, 1997). Finally, those stressors pertaining to social support include: running the household, finances, perception of received emotional support, giving up work, finding time for personal interests and hobbies, father’s role with the baby, relationship with the husband, restriction of social life, relationship with children, and coordinating the demands of husband, housework, and children (Moran et al. , 1997). In addition, Hung and Chung (2001) shows that after childbirth women will encounter another type of stress during the postpartum period, which is characterized by dramatic changes and requires adjustment. Conditions of change, demand, or structural constraint may occur during these dramatic changes, creating many difficulties or concerns. Therefore, in addition to general stress, postpartum stress is induced after delivery during the postpartum period. Postpartum Stress Disorder Postpartum Stress Disorder (PSD) is the most serious, least common, and most highly publicized of the postpartum mood disorders: mothers with PSD have killed their infants and themselves. It is on the extreme end of the postpartum continuum of mood disorders (Nonacs, 2005) and attention to symptoms is vital for any postpartum support program. The treatment issues will not be fully discussed here because of their specialty and complexity. However, it remains a primary function of the service delivery to recognize symptoms and refer appropriately for specialized psychiatric care and management. A sensitive, direct question such as, â€Å"Some women who have a new baby have thoughts such as wishing the baby were dead or about harming the baby; has this happened to you? (Wisner, et al. , 2003, p. 44), is an essential element of postpartum evaluation and Wisner and colleagues (2003) have suggested that this question be asked of all postpartum women. PSD is a rare, severe disorder with a prevalence of one to two cases per one thousand births (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Symptoms are abrupt and often occur within 48 hours of delivery but can be delayed as long as two years (Rosenberg, et al, 2003). Typically, however, symptoms occur within the first three weeks, and two thirds appear within the first two weeks postpartum (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). Symptoms include mood lability, distractibility, insomnia, abnormal or obsessive thoughts, impairment in functioning, delusions, hallucinations, feelings of guilt, bizarre behavior, feelings of persecution, jealousy, grandiosity, suicidal and homicidal ideation, self-neglect, and cognitive disorganization (Wisner et al. , 2003). Women with PSD who harbor thoughts of harming their infant are more likely to act on those thoughts (Wisner et al. , 2003). Because of the severity of the illness and significant concern for the safety of both the infant and the mother, PSD is considered a psychiatric emergency and hospitalization is necessary. Etiology of PSD There has been some debate about the etiology of PSD. As noted previously, the incidence is approximately one or two women per one thousand births. This rate has remained unchanged for that last 150 years (Wisner et al. , 2003). In cross-cultural studies the rates for PSD are similar to those reported in the United States and the United Kingdom. These findings suggest a primary etiologic relationship between PSD and childbirth, rather than psychosocial factors (Wisner et al. , 2003). O’Hara (1997) has noted that women are 20 to 30 times more likely to be hospitalized for PSD within thirty days after childbirth than at any other time during the life span, leading him to speculate, with little doubt, that for women there is a specific association between childbirth and PSD. There are subgroups of women who may be more likely to develop stressful symptoms after delivery. Primaparas appear to have a higher risk for c than multiparous women (Wisner et al. , 2003). This may be the result of an undiagnosed bipolar disorder. Women with a history of bipolar disorder or PSD have a 1 in 5 risk of hospitalization following childbirth (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). The overall pattern of symptoms described as PSD suggests the illness is on a continuum of bipolar mood disorders (Wisner et al. , 2003). The clinical presentation of PSD is often very similar to a manic episode (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Affective disturbances may be depressive, manic, or mixed (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). While there is no typical presentation, women often display delusions, hallucinations, and/or disorganized behavior. Delusional behavior often revolves around infants and children, and these women must be carefully assessed because thoughts of harming their children are sometimes acted upon (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). The predominant affective symptom in those postpartum women who commit infanticide, filicide, or suicide is depression rather than mania (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). In reviewing the connection between bipolarity and PSD several studies have shown evidence for a link in four areas: symptom presentation, diagnostic outcomes, family history, and recurrences in women with bipolar disorder (Chaudron & Pies, 2003). The relationship to bipolar disorder is considered quite persuasive and it has been suggested that acute onset PPP be considered bipolar disorder until proven otherwise (Wisner et al. , 2003). However bipolarity does not account for all cases of PSD and a meticulous differential diagnosis is mandatory for those women with presenting stress symptoms. A careful checking of the patient’s history for previous manic or hypomanic episodes as well as any family history of bipolar disorder is important in order to rule out bipolar disorder. Organic causes contributing to first onset PSD need to be examined and ruled out. These include: tumors, sequelae to head injury, central nervous system infections, cerebral embolism, psychomotor seizures, hepatic disturbance, electrolyte imbalances, diabetic conditions, anoxia, and toxic exposures (Seyfried & Marcus, 2003). Of special consideration in postpartum women is thyroiditis. This is relatively common in postpartum women and usually begins with a hyperthyroid phase progressing to hypothyroidism. In either phase PSD can occur (Wisner et al. , 2003). Obtaining serum calcium levels is important to rule out hypercalcemia for patients displaying PSD symptoms (Wisner et al. , 2003). Sleep loss resulting from the interaction of various causes may be a pathway to the development of PSD in susceptible women (Wisner et al. , 2003). The later stages of pregnancy and the early postpartum period are associated with high levels of sleep disturbance. This seems to be more prevalent in primiparous women than in multiparae. Historical and contemporary studies have noted that insomnia and sleep loss are significant and early symptoms of PSD. The rapid and abrupt changes of gonadal steroids after delivery and the evidence that estrogen has an effect on mood and the sleep-wake cycle (Wisner et al. , 2003) suggest an interaction between hormonal fluctuations, sleep loss, and the onset of PSD. Treatment of PSD PSD is a severe illness and should be considered a psychiatric emergency requiring hospitalization (Rosenberg et al. , 2003). The stigma attached to mental illness and especially to mothers who may harm their infants and themselves, often prevents women and their families from seeking help. PSD is often marked with periods of lucidity that can fool those close to the mother and health care professionals. Because of the complexity of the diagnosis and treatment, referral to a psychiatric specialist is required and formal treatment is beyond the scope of this program. However, it will be necessary to recognize symptoms and be cognizant of risk factors, such as history of bipolar disorder or previous PSD. Such awareness is essential, as is the readiness to offer support until adequate services can be implemented (Wisner et al. , 2003). Prevention of PSD is unclear, but early identification of a history of bipolar disorder and/or previous PSD would be an element of a comprehensive postpartum program. Prenatal education describing symptoms is an important aspect of a proactive approach to postpartum care. Part of the prenatal and postpartum educational effort will include urging women to share any bizarre thoughts and fears with their health care professionals and families. New mothers experiencing insomnia will be encouraged to seek assistance from their physicians and to engage other family members to care for the infant during nighttime feedings (Wisner et al. , 2003). As noted earlier, specific treatment is beyond the scope of this program, but a proactive approach to early identification and recognition of unusual thoughts, feelings, and experiences may help to initiate treatment and avoidance of tragic results. Conclusion During the postpartum period, women are immersed in the realities of parenting and coping with balancing their multiple roles (e. g. , wife, mother, and career woman). However, women frequently report difficulty in adjusting to the needs of the baby and other children, difficulty with housework and routines, concerns over support to cope with family needs, and concerns over weight gain and body changes. Accordingly, postpartum stress has an important role in a woman’s life and influences her health status, both physical and mental.

Individual Report on Business Game - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2659 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The game of the business strategy is computer based game which is played online by a group of member formed in it. In this business strategy there are lot of industries were there as in the game one would run or imply the decisions of the footwear company which would be given the competition by various other firms like januty footwear, ashuru, corporate lobby shoes, L company, Dynasty, in sprint, Elite footwear ltd., K company, glaxer, CCLEO, and H company. The member of this business strategy game in the company corporate lobby shoes is Afsal Rahmath Parambu, Babatomiwa Ojuri, Fedlis Nwaujukwu , Gholam Oovee. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Individual Report on Business Game" essay for you Create order As this one member who would be taken responsible for taking the decisions in the respect to its company and aspects of all the matters which the company operates and manages the necessary decision of the company as each and every company wants to take excellent decision and makes the best as well as sustainable solutions for their strategies as the tools and techniques where well executed and planned out specially to overcome with its competitors. There are various results from the 11th year to 15th year on the different are like EPS, Return on equity, stock price, inventories, management etc. As this would help to build the wealth of the shareholder and its image rating is high. This paper reports that the analysis of the corporate lobby shoes is divided in to the three sections the first is mainly the porter five forces as well as competitive strategy in relations to Year 15 Business strategy The business environment had been analysis by continuously practicing the business strategy game. As in the business game we are allocated on the post of the top executive which is mostly taking the strategic decision regarding the company performance and results in relation to its profits and productions. The influence by the top executive in the developing the strategies of business for any firm in relations to business environment (ham brick and mason, 1984), in strategic management the role and effect of top managers on company performance and importance of this relationship how may be affected by companys strategy is always recognize as critical issues (Ham brick and Mason (1984), Gupta and Govindarajan (1984), Gunz and Jalland (1996). There are different strategy which are seen in the market of shoe industry like cost leadership, focus strategy, differentiation etc. Cost leadership means: the company is managing its cost, as this effective dealing in prices and profits would coming as to implement low price should have and efficient cost management, so through the cost of prices of product would low as compared to the other company. Focus strategy: the focus strategy is also known as niche strategy in simple terms it is considered as the product which is product is for the target group only and the company sets its prices and product efficiency and its policy in relevance to that group and ignore the wider population market. Differentiation strategy: this strategy in simple terms can be refers as there should be uniqueness and sound quality which would differ firm from its competitor as this would raise the cost of the company but the value and ethics which are unique is more important than the cost for this kind of business as it would create a higher brand value and in return increase the profits. Porter five force: The Michael porter had given the competitive strategy for analysis the business with the comparison to its competitors through this strategy one would be aware that different strategies should be competitors using for reaching to the success. The ultimate aim of competitive strategy is to cope with and, ideally, to change those rules in the firms behaviour (1985, p. 4).† As with this analysis company hold the proper ideas about the position were it stands in terms of its performance and profits. The threat of new entrants: as this market is very saturated and the entry of new firm will be of only the company which is highly capital rich so for the corporate lobby shoe there is no more threat in this area but in future the chance are available for this. The threat of substitute product: as there are lot of substitute product available in market, so there are high chance for the threat in this area, to overcome with threat the corporate lobby shoe has imply the combination of generic strategy that is having low cost with the quality and unique product design. The bargaining power of buyer: as due to highly competitive market in shoe, the power of buyer had been raised as they have an option left from their decision so to create some friendly environment and better scheme for customer would encourage the customer towards the corporate lobby shoe. The bargaining power of suppliers: as for the suppliers the bargaining power is low because in market lot of suppliers available which would make the corporate lobby shoe to maintained its low cost supplies. Intensity of competition: a shoe industry is one of the wide spread industry with the no. of players in this business. Corporate lobby shoe is having a high intensity with its competitors as because of large no of competitors in market available. Through the innovative and sustainable strategic technique the corporate lobby shoe have survive by achieve its mission. Pestle analysis The one of the most renowned external analysis is the pestle as it outlook the whole of environment external with the different factors like political, economic, social, technology, legal and environment. Political factors The all four area like north America, Latin America, Asia pacific and Europe are free from political issues as company could not face any adversities in terms with the labour law, export traffics, trade barriers, tax policy etc. So the policy so the government issues and law not putting restriction Economic factors As the corporate lobby shoe is utilizing the technique of cost leadership, so it become economical stable for the company, the factors like exchange rates, interest rate, and inflations rates, affects the company highly but the company have develop the successive tools for managing cost. Social factor As this factor reflectors on the positive side of company because it is creating some value oriented for its customers the CSR of corporate lobby shoe is making advance socializing for the company. The corporate lobby shoes have given the charity and join many clubs and society for societal aspects. Technology factors This factor is crucial for modern touch in the corporate lobby shoe is holding the standardized and cost control tool, but the qualities of this never sacrifice. The company introduce private labelling technique as to maintain its cost in relevance with differentiating technique. The private labelling was done in Latin America and Asia as for benefiting this through business environment. Environment factors The surrounding in which company functioning is also important the etc should be focus as different continent would have the environment effects on foot ware so through this trend the corporate lobby shoe sells out or explore its footing products. Legal factors The corporate lobby shoe is following the rules and regulations of different government. As the policy of consumer law, discrimination law, antitrust law, etc. Are up to date different law like health and safety, employment and company legal law etc. are followed by the company in dealing with its contract to particular government. Strategy which company acquire The corporate lobby shoe company has become the cost leader as it had manage its cost very excellently and imply this strategy as the cost cutting would give low price to its customer and customer would satisfied highly through the low price with same quality it has reduce it shipping cost, and import barriers had cut the custom duty and miscellaneous cost reduce. The corporate lobby shoe had been differentiate from its competitors as it focus all the labour oriented market and middle class family can easily purchase the customize shoe with the low price and excellent styles fitting and superb quality. The analysis on the basis of the years Year: 11 In the starting time of the year 11 the corporate lobby shoe plant capacity in relations to the total production was 6 million and mostly this production was target through the North America and Asia pacific areas. The production went higher for this two area but the company managers had for the Latin America and Europe Africa. The corporate lobby shoe plans its total production in particular operation and administration so the corporate lobby shoe had to sale target production like from North America it is 2 million and Asia pacific it is 4 million respectively. The corporate lobby shoe has making the policy and plan to encourage the production as its implies the policy of free shipping advertisement in internet also the offered the model with attractive price there would be rebate on the model at delivery time granted and as well as customer on internet segment and whole segment at the end of the financial year of the company the profit as much as contrasting from the previous year but as the company holds the 5th position in the market for the industry 27, and through this it jump from credit rating B+ to A- with the financial progress in terms of money would be like net profit is and revenue______ is which are higher than the previous year. The return on equity and credit rating are very much high as they are beyond the investors expectations as ROE the investors expectation is 15% but the 15.60% and in credit rating it goes form B+ TO A- Year 12: The overall intensions of the corporate lobby is to make the huge profits so they are planning to reduce their cost and covering the market, as they most probably cover the market in the whole sale segment but as they increase the private label sales from the year 12th their market shares fall from 8.50% to 8.10% respectively. The image rating also fall dramatically, as it was constant in the year 11. The stock price went high up to $2 per pair as in the year 11 the stock level was risen up to $34. Probably the investors are not happy in this year because the ROE and EPS were low were falling under the expectation of investors as in year 12 it was 14.39% almost 0.51% lacking and EPS was $2.71 where investors expect the $2.95. The pairs rejected in the brand were almost 7 to 8% approximately from 5300 pairs the rejection was 329 pairs. The company was not at all facing the inventory clearance in all the three segments with all the four areas. The ware housing operating expe nses for the European Africa was very much high and the company was holding a huge amount of production in those areas as it was $2.03 per pair in whole sale segment and 0.80 in the internet segment. The operating profits margins where good in the internet sectors as we see overall performance it was 16.9% to 23.3% is due to bearing the advertising cost an imply the low cost branded wear. Year 13: This was the fabulous year for the corporate lobby shoes, as the company had not made any changes but the result and decision implied on the year 12 had been very much useful and their reflection is shown as only 0.20% were the expenses which the company sacrifice for the CSR as in terms of money it is $1121. The market share of the company was high as in year 12 the company had increased the private labelling sales as through the high market is covered. The credit rating of the company went high which from A- to A but the image rate fall by 6%. The value of stock price had huge increase as it shows how from the $36 was the expectation but in year 13 it went to the $64. As this year investors would also be very much happy the ROE and EPS has also shown the drastic changes as 15% was investors expectations in ROE but went high on 20.70% and EPS wet to $4.67 per share were as investors expectations was only 3.05%. The price of internet segment were deduce up to 70 so that the m arket share would increase the company had reduce its quality cost as the TQM or Sig -Sigma expenditures went low. Only 0.33 for the current year. The cost of branded market segment also reduces to 26.85 as it affects the quality and got the S/R rating on 4 stars. Year 14: The company increase its production in the North America. By 300 pairs and maintained the good quality control, so the rejection pairs was only 4 to 5% of total production in branded. The company had introduced the green footwear materials which would increase the cost as this time company also does the charitable contributions, so the CSR would be more conscious to crab the costumer, it expenses on CSR raise highly which is $7264. DUE TO HIGH EXPENDITURES the ROE and EPS falls as the NP reduces .The N.P. is $243(million) approximately. The manager decided to lower the price on internet segment from $ 70 per pair to $69 per pair. The warehousing expenses and other administrative expenses remains the same like for 17107(000) it had 3.65 per pair in ware house. The exchange rate and the import tariff for the Europe and Africa had increased the cost highly so the return through segment was low. The manger decide no sale the private label brand shoe north America as the productio n and shipping cost in private label segment went too much high, this would result in the low N.P. The company declare the $0.10 dividend per share for its investors through the previous profits. The firms internet segment market share is decreasing as compared to whole sale market share for the year 14. The Companys liquidity position is quiet well secured as its net cash balance at the year end is 51,061 which is reasonably good and worthwhile. The company had decided to raise funds as to overcome from this expensive cost from the banks of $23,000(000). Year 15 The mostly all the strategies and decisions remain the same as the above year but, there some changes occurs in figure only, as the N.P. went very much higher in the year 15 which was approximately 358 (millions) as well as the EPS was higher 5.80$ per share which was beyond the investors expectation. In this year the manager decided only to the company to work in the internet sector segment where as the private label segments was removed by the firm the company through to concentrate on whole sale segments and internet market segment in those area would give the company makes highest revenue which is Asia pacific and north America. The stock price again had shown the dramatically change by 104$ per stock price and the expectation of investor was 42$ so this credit rating of the company was A+ but the image rating were not up to the mark. In this for the north America area which is the most profitable area for the company manager decide to increase the production of 500(000) pai rs which would indirectly reduce the cost of operating and increase the revenue the overall warehousing cost reduce as if the overall 24,037(000)pair kept it had cost 3.29 per pair. The manager decided to take a higher advertising cost in the whole sale segment as mostly 70% of production were from this sector. The company had decreased the cash flow as its net balance of cash comes 47,307$(000) as by the firm and this raise the high profits. The managers also agree to raise there were investment done by the firm and this raise the high profits. The manager also agrees to raise their funds in the energy efficiency help to gain the profit over its cost. The forecast the demand in future was high 6 to 7% of the current year sold out. Conclusion As we see there were huge and effective decisions were taken by the company which helps to increase the profit, as holding the decisions regarding saving cost, plant implementation and increasing production would led to the high profits. Appendix: 1 financial position

Compare Two Psychological Approaches to Health and Social...

Compare two psychological approaches to Health and Social care provision. Case Study. Demi Lovato is a well-known actress and singer from the USA. Demi Lovato was diagnosed with bulimia, bipolar and self-harm in 2010. She had struggled with a â€Å"really unhealthy relationship with food since age 8 after suffering bullying, and her self-mutilating behaviour started at age 11 as a means to â€Å"cope with her emotions and depression†. Demi attended rehab for these mental health illnesses, and from this is now back on track and has had a very successful career. Approach 1: To help treat Demi’s bipolar and self-harm, the cognitive approach would use talking therapy, where a therapist/counsellor sits with the individual and allows the†¦show more content†¦Therapists use cognitive behaviour therapy to help manage the way you think about yourself or about a certain object, in this case Demi’s bulimia, which in turn will change the way you think and behave. Behavioural therapy looks at the way people act and respond when they are distressed or under pressure. It helps to modify unhelpful behaviours such as avoidance, which may exacerbate the problems or the way the client feels. This usually means gradually facing up to feared and avoided situations e.g. Demi’s self-harm and bulimia. As a consequence, new behaviours to deal with problems and situations are learned. Behavioural approach treats bipolar, self-harm and bulimia by using a therapy called systematic desensitisation, where the client would create a hierarchy where they rank the conditioned stimulus (e.g. food) from least fearful to most fearful. The behavioural approach only focuses on the behaviour of the client rather than the thought or reason why the client has the disorder/illness. 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